1. What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating heart failure?
A. Increasing heart rate.
B. Dilating blood vessels and reducing blood volume.
C. Strengthening heart muscle contraction.
D. Preventing arrhythmias.
2. Which of the following is a common symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
A. Chest pain.
B. Intermittent claudication.
C. Shortness of breath.
D. Palpitations.
3. What is the primary goal of treatment for hypertension?
A. To increase blood viscosity.
B. To lower blood pressure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
C. To increase heart rate.
D. To dilate the arteries in the legs.
4. What is the primary function of the pericardium?
A. To pump blood throughout the body.
B. To protect and lubricate the heart.
C. To regulate heart rate.
D. To filter blood.
5. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers in treating hypertension?
A. Dilating blood vessels.
B. Blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart.
C. Increasing blood volume.
D. Inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
6. What does the term `preload` refer to in the context of cardiac physiology?
A. The resistance against which the heart must pump.
B. The tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole.
C. The force of ventricular contraction.
D. The heart rate.
7. Which of the following best describes the effect of increased sympathetic nervous system activity on the heart?
A. Decreased heart rate and contractility.
B. Increased heart rate and contractility.
C. Decreased heart rate and increased contractility.
D. Increased heart rate and decreased contractility.
8. What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?
A. To measure the oxygen content of the blood.
B. To detect changes in blood pressure and signal the brain to adjust heart rate and vascular resistance.
C. To regulate the release of renin from the kidneys.
D. To control the production of red blood cells.
9. What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
A. The regulation of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system.
B. The ability of the heart to increase its force of contraction when venous return increases.
C. The process by which the heart adapts to chronic pressure overload.
D. The mechanism by which the heart prevents arrhythmias.
10. What is the significance of the P wave on an ECG?
A. Ventricular depolarization.
B. Atrial repolarization.
C. Ventricular repolarization.
D. Atrial depolarization.
11. Which of the following is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
A. To delay the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
B. To initiate the electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat.
C. To distribute electrical impulses throughout the ventricles.
D. To receive electrical impulses from the atria.
12. Which of the following best describes afterload?
A. The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
B. The resistance against which the left ventricle must pump to eject blood.
C. The force of ventricular contraction.
D. The rate at which the heart beats.
13. What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?
A. To initiate the heart`s electrical impulses.
B. To delay the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
C. To distribute electrical impulses throughout the atria.
D. To contract the ventricles.
14. What is the term for a bulge or weakening in the wall of an artery?
A. Aneurysm.
B. Thrombosis.
C. Embolism.
D. Stenosis.
15. Which of the following is a common symptom of aortic stenosis?
A. Palpitations.
B. Chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting.
C. Swelling in the legs.
D. Headaches.
16. Which of the following is a common complication of atrial fibrillation?
A. Increased cardiac output.
B. Blood clots and stroke.
C. Decreased heart rate.
D. Improved ventricular filling.
17. What is the primary mechanism of action of statins in treating cardiovascular disease?
A. Increasing blood pressure.
B. Lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
C. Preventing blood clots.
D. Dilating blood vessels.
18. What is the term for a heart rate that is abnormally slow (less than 60 beats per minute)?
A. Tachycardia.
B. Bradycardia.
C. Arrhythmia.
D. Fibrillation.
19. Which of the following is a common diagnostic test for evaluating suspected coronary artery disease?
A. Electroencephalogram (EEG).
B. Echocardiogram.
C. Stress test.
D. Pulmonary function test.
20. Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
A. Sudden, severe chest pain.
B. Shortness of breath.
C. Numbness in the legs.
D. Sweating and nausea.
21. Which of the following is a characteristic sign of cardiac tamponade?
A. Widened pulse pressure.
B. Increased heart rate.
C. Muffled heart sounds.
D. Bounding pulses.
22. What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?
A. To transport blood to the lungs.
B. To provide oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
C. To remove waste products from the heart.
D. To regulate heart rate.
23. What is the significance of the QRS complex on an ECG?
A. Atrial depolarization.
B. Ventricular repolarization.
C. Ventricular depolarization.
D. Atrial repolarization.
24. Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?
A. Age.
B. Family history.
C. High blood pressure.
D. Genetic predisposition.
25. Which of the following is a potential complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Stroke.
B. Pulmonary embolism.
C. Myocardial infarction.
D. Aortic aneurysm.
26. What is the most common cause of heart failure?
A. Valvular heart disease.
B. Coronary artery disease.
C. Congenital heart defects.
D. Cardiomyopathy.
27. Which heart valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
A. Tricuspid valve.
B. Pulmonary valve.
C. Aortic valve.
D. Mitral valve.
28. Which of the following hormones increases heart rate and contractility?
A. Acetylcholine.
B. Epinephrine.
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide.
D. Brain natriuretic peptide.
29. What is the primary function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol?
A. To transport cholesterol to the liver for removal.
B. To deposit cholesterol in artery walls.
C. To increase blood pressure.
D. To promote blood clot formation.
30. Which of the following is a common cause of secondary hypertension?
A. Obesity.
B. Kidney disease.
C. High salt intake.
D. Lack of exercise.
